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Archive-name: Fido-Linux-faq
Version: $VER: Linux FAQ v9910-0.43
Posting-Frequency: almost monthly
URL: http://www.telematique.org/ft/linuxfaq.htm


                    LINUX FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQ)
                                      
                     Original author: Francois Thunus
                     Current maintainer: Francois Thunus
                                      
                              Oct99 - v0.43
                                      
   Welcome to the FAQ for the Linux fidonet echo.
   Table of Contents is below.
   Questions and constructive comments are welcome.
   Send them to me at: 2:270/25.2 or linuxfaq@telematique.org
   
   IMPORTANT NOTE: this document does not contain many
   software-specific infos, otherwise the FAQ would be huge.
   I have also tried to keep each section short, simple and easy.
   After all, it is intended for newbies. I therefore have
   sometimes cut corners. I know it. Correct me only if you
   really feel I'm oversimplifying :-)
   _________________________________________________________________

Contents

          I.   DISCLAIMER
          II.  CREDITS
          III. COPYRIGHT
          IV.  FAQ UPDATES
          V.   WHERE CAN I GET THIS FAQ?
          VI.  NETIQUETTE
          
  1. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

          1.1 What is Unix
          1.2 What is Linux
          1.3 Where can I get it
          1.4 Which one should I take
          1.5 Repartitioning
          
  2. HARDWARE

          2.1 What is the minimum configuration needed
          2.2 Known hardware problems & solutions
          2.2.1 Wacom art pad II and Debian 1.3.1
          2.2.2 Sound Blaster configuration
          2.2.3 1024 cylinders problem


  3. SOFTWARE TIPS & TRICKS FOR GENERAL USE

          3.1   What is
          3.2   How do I mount a floppy/drive/zip
          3.3   How can I modify / customize my system
          3.4   How can I change my printer's settings
          3.5   How do I know... ?
          3.5.1  What system I have ?
          3.5.2  What libraries are installed on my system ?
          3.5.3  What's in my environment ?
          3.5.4  What's wrong with my pc ?
          3.5.5  What modules are loaded ?
          3.5.6  How much free space I have ?
          3.5.7  Where a file is ?
          3.5.8  What processes are running
          3.6   How do I change the typematic settings
          3.7   Can I upgrade my configuration and how ?
          3.8   How do I copy a file from the floppy
          3.9   Quick DOS/Linux map
          3.10  How do I get ls in colors ?
          3.11  Is there a Norton Commander Clone ?
          3.12  How do I get out ? !
          3.13  How do I format a floppy ?
          3.14  How do I set the date/time ?
          3.15  How do I shutdown properly ?
          3.16  What do I do with a .tar.gz or .tgz archive ?
          3.17  The output of the program flashes by... ?
          3.18  Known software problems and solutions
          3.18.1 Red Hat 5.0 (X) configuration problems
          3.18.2 Red Hat 5.0 CD problem
          3.19  Font problem
          3.20  Applying patches
          3.21  NumLock
          3.22  VI survival guide


  4.  RESOURCES

          4.0 Read the Manual
          4.1 Fidonet echoes / usenet newsgroups
          4.2 Internet: web / ftp
          4.3 Books

          
  5. CONNECTING
  
          5.1 Fidonet
          5.1.1 A fidonet system
          5.1.2 a good fidonet editor
          5.1.3 a simple point setup
          5.1.4 FrontDoor / Golded
          5.1.5 Offline readers (QWK and other)
          5.2 Internet
          5.2.1 How do I get ppp to connect to my ISP automatically?
          5.2.2 What do I need for PPP ?
          5.3 BBSes
          5.3.0 Where to find more info
          5.3.1 DayDream/Linux
          5.3.2 BBBS
          5.3.3 Tick/Raid/Allfix
          5.3.4 Sauron BBS
          5.3.5 FreeWorld BBS
          5.3.6 Falken
          5.3.7 Synchronet
          5.3.8 MBSE
          5.3.9 Alexia
          5.3.10 FreeBBS
          5.3.11 Citadel/UX BBS
          5.4 Serial and Network
          5.4.1 How to set the serial port ?
          5.4.2 TCP/IP Network configuration
          5.4.3 X windows
          5.4.4 NFS network configuration
          5.4.5 Fax configuration

  6. EMULATORS
  
          6.1 Limitations & bugs
          6.2 DOSEMU
          6.3 WINE - WABI
          6.4 AMIGA
          6.5 Macintosh
          
  7. PROGRAMMING

          7.1 Overview of development possibilities
          7.2 Books / resources

     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
  I. DISCLAIMER
  
   This document is provided "as is" without any express or implied
   warranties. While every effort has been taken to ensure the accuracy
   of the information contained in this document, neither the authors, the
   maintainer or the contributors will assume responsibility for errors
   or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information
   contained herein. This document is compiled in spare time for free,
   and I cannot check all of its contents. However,I am interested in
   making the FAQ as good as it can be, so your constructive feedback is
   welcome.
   
   This FAQ is *NOT* intended as a replacement of the User Guide /HowTos
   which comes with Linux. Be sure to read that first and - most important
   - please double read the manual and this FAQ before posting any
   questions to the echo!
   
  II. CREDITS
  
   The original skeleton was based loosely on the Psion FAQ currently
   maintained by Daniel Pfund. Apart from that, Francois Thunus reviewed
   the echo activity of the Linux fidonet echo as well as several
   Linux-related newsgroups and used that to modify/recreate a FAQ
   structure, then populated it with extracted wisdom from the news
   traffic in various echoes. So a lot of information here is provided
   by the echo/newsgroup contributors, who are too numerous to credit
   individually. Insofar as possible, the name of the original
   contributor is listed alongside the contribution.
   
   If you have a question which is not answered in the actual FAQ, please
   Email it to me (Francois Thunus, see address at the top of this FAQ),
   otherwise if you want more information from one specific section of
   this FAQ, ask :-).
   
  III. COPYRIGHT
  
   I assert copyright on this document. I encourage you to distribute it
   widely, but only in its complete and original form and if you do not
   make any money out of it.
   
  IV. FAQ UPDATES
  
   For the time being, I (Francois) am the keeper of the FAQ. If you have
   comments or suggestions, corrections, or you have some information you
   want to see added or a request that I find some new answers, please
   let me know. Please contact me via the Email address at the top of the
   FAQ.
   
  V. WHERE CAN I GET THIS FAQ?
  
   You're reading it aren't you? SAVE it :-).
   If you don't have reliable Usenet access, you can also retrieve the
   FAQ by:

   File Request

       1:13/25     magic name : Linuxfaq
       1:202/745   magic name : Linuxfaq
       1:340/204   magic name : Linuxfaq
       2:206/145   magic name : Linuxfaq
       2:270/25    magic name : Linuxfaq
       2:2802/285  magic name : Linuxfaq
       2:293/2219  magic name : Linuxfaq
       2:301/118   magic name : Linuxfaq
       3:640/891   magic name : Linuxfaq

   FTP

       ftp://ftp.telematique.org
       ftp://ftp.idkent.com
 
   EMail

        Send e-mail to <jim@idkent.com> with 'Linuxfaq' in the subject.
        The autoresponder will immediately ship out a copy.

   WWW

      http://www.telematique.org/ft/linuxfaq.htm (Note that
        there is no "l" at the end of "htm", this is not a typo!)

        Please use the telematique site for any reference from your
        own web pages because it is under my direct control and easily
        changeable. It also contains links to numerous Linux resources.

      http://www.idkent.com/~linux
          
   Please do NOT Email me or anybody else mentioned in this FAQ for the
   latest version. We simply cannot handle such matters effectively.
   
   If the date at the top of this FAQ is more than a couple months old,
   there is probably a new version available online.
   
   
  VI. NETIQUETTE
  
    1. READ THE FRIENDLY MANUAL (RTFM) and then the FAQ before posting
       any questions! Remember that this group is here to help you out
       but only if the answer can't be found by yourself. Also remember
       that each time you're posting a question to the group, hundreds
       (if not thousands) of people will read your question. If the same
       questions come up again and again, people will just get bored and
       not answer anymore...
    2. DON'T BE RUDE. Obvious? Apparently not. Say it nicely or don't
       say it at all. If you need to be uncomfortably direct, do it in
       personal mail - don't post it.
    3. When responding to a post, most editors will give you an edit pad
       with the original post inserted. Delete most of this, leaving only
       the part which will set the context for your reply. This is more
       effective communication, it cuts down on crud to scan through, and
       reduces phone bills for those that pay them.
    4. Consider whether you should be mailing or posting. PING-PONG
       personal dialogues may - or may not - be of interest to others. If
       not, please don't post.
       
     _________________________________________________________________
                                      
1. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION

  1.1 What is Unix ?

    Unix is one of the first portable operating system that was created.
    It was based on a project called "Multics" in the late 60's. The
    first Unix version was created in 1969 at the ATT labs. Unix is
    therefore a mature OS which has been around for about 30 years. The
    OS itself is text-based, but it includes a graphical layer, called
    X Window. The OSes that were developed afterwards more or less
    heavily borrowed on the features of Unix. Unix was multi-task,
    multi-users from the beginning. Other popular OSes includes DOS,
    MacOS, OS/2, NeXT, TOS, or Windows NT. X was developed by Project
    Athena at the MIT and DEC. The current version is 11, revision 6
    (X11R6) since April 1994. The X Window System is the property of 
    the X Consortium, but a free clone (XFree86) is distributed with 
    Linux.
  
  1.2 What is Linux
  
    Linux is _a_ free Unix-like system. Unlike FreeBSD or 386BSD which
    are based on the Berkeley distribution of Unix, Linux started its
    life based on Minix, a free Unix implementation for the Intel
    platform. Version 1.0 was released in may 1994. The current release
    is 2.2.12. The numbering scheme works like this: first digit is the
    major, second digit is the minor, third digit are bugfixes. If the
    second digit is even, it's a stable version, if it is odd it is a
    development version. Current development is 2.3.18.

    Linux now exists in various stage of development for the DEC Alpha,
    SGI, the PowerPC, the Motorola 680x0 chips, and many other systems.
    Consequently, it means you can make Linux run on a PC, but also on
    a Mac, an Amiga, or an Atari machine. There is a special version of
    Linux called ELKS that will work on Intel machine with a 8088 /
    80186 / 80286 chip (Linux itself needs a 80386), a Linux port
    for the USR palmtop, and another one for the Psion 5.

    The Linux project was started by Linus Torvalds, from Finland,
    hence the name.

    Linux is free and comes with the source code.

  1.3 Where can I get it

    There is a multitude of sources for Linux. Many magazines include one
    version or another, once in a while, on their accompanying CD. Many
    shops carry Linux on CDs, which may be easier for a start. Otherwise
    there is the internet, or some BBSes (see relevant section for
    addresses). LinuxCentral.com is cheap and reliable. It also features
    a 4-CD archive which saves hours of internet hunting and downloading.

  1.4 Which one should I take

   This is probably the hardest question of them all. Linux is free, and
   the difference between packages is usually the install procedure, and
   the number of ready-to-run applications provided. The best
   distribution for you depends on what you intend to do with your copy
   of Linux. Here is a totally incomplete list of various Linux
   distributions, and their good points.

   DOSLINUX: this one is listed first, because it comes as a Dos archive
   and was meant for DOS users who want to try Linux without changing
   anything to their current configuration. Just decompress in a \linux
   directory, start the linux.bat, and off you go. A great and simple
   way to discover Linux, with no risk at all.

   FIREMYST: same principle as DOSLinux, different choice of software.

   DLX: Unix on a floppy. This is a minimalist approach, but it does
   give you a taste of unix. You can happily play with this without fear
   of destroying anything.

   Tom's rootboot: another Unix on a floppy. This one is my favorite. It
   includes LOADS of stuff, including simplified man pages. My own
   rescue floppy is a modified version of this one.

   Slackware: the first historic Linux distribution, and therefore used
   to be the most widely used. still uses .tgz-no dependency check.

   Debian: 100% free. The interesting point of the Debian distribution
   is the .deb packages. They are the most numerous, and allow easy
   installation of software. Moreover, the installing package also does
   a variety of check for dependencies.

   RedHat: commercial. Has a .rpm system which is broadly the same as
   the .deb in the spirit. Probably the easiest to install for a
   complete beginner. RedHat has an official French version made by
   kheops. Comes with the commercial Metro-X server. As of 5.1 with
   linuxconfig, is getting more and more user friendly.

   S.u.S.E: commercial. With YAST, another install system, very
   efficient. Suse comes in English or German, Greek, etc and with many
   demos of commercial software. They have a very good doc (a 500 page
   man) which is homemade (ie not the usual stuff presented otherwise),
   and a nice install program. Nice X configurator too (SaX).

   Mandrake: Based on RedHat, but comes with KDE pre-installed and
   many applications installed.

   Caldera: commercial. exists in various flavours, from basic to
   advanced, and is designed as a turnkey unix system. Caldera also
   commercializes the commercial windows emulator, WP for Linux, etc.
   Real no-brainer. stable and everything. I haven't played much with
   it, but I was impressed by the setup system.

   Corel: the new player in the game. Based on Debian.

* Note about commercial software: due to the GPL License covering Linux,
there is always a free version available for download from the internet.

   1.5 Repartitioning
   (Matthew Day)
   The best way to run linux is to install it on its own disk partition.
   If you don't want to do that, several distributions are ready to be
   installed in a normal \linux directory under dos.
   If you do repartition, there are several methods:
   1) back up and repartition with fdisk: this method will destroy the
   content of your disk, hence the need to backup first.
   2) use a utility to reclaim unused space on the disk:
   a) buy Partition Magic or
   b) use FIPS supplied with the distributions
          
  2. HARDWARE

   2.1 What is the minimum configuration needed

   Linux needs a 386 with 4 megs memory. If you want a unix system on a
   8088->80286, you have to use Elks or Minix. However, this is the
   minimum to have a running system. It doesn't mean that it is actually
   _fun_ to work with. In particular if you intend to work with
   X Window, you will need to have more RAM if possible, or at least a
   big swap file.

   2.2 Known hardware problems & solutions

   2.2.1 Wacom art pad II and Debian 1.3.1
   (orion)
   Include in XF86Config:

   Section "Module"
       Load "xf86Wacom.so"
   EndSection
   Section "XInput"
   SubSection "WacomStylus"
      Port "/dev/ttyS0"
      DeviceName "WacomStylus"
      Mode Absolute
      AlwaysCore
   EndSubSection
   SubSection "WacomEraser"
      Port "/dev/ttyS0"
      DeviceName "WacomEraser"
   EndSubSection
   When declaring the mouse, use a different port.
   Gimp supports the Wacom pad, but not the pression sensitivity. They're
   working on it.

   2.2.2 Sound Blaster configuration
   (Erik Forsberg)
   I have no problems getting my SB Pro (8 bit stereo power !) work..
   I just modprobe sb io=<io> irq=<irq> dma=<dma>

   2.2.3 1024 cylinders problem
   (Francois Thunus)
   JP> Having got through the initial steps, drive partition, and actual
   JP> loading I was informed on booting that linux was unable to support
   JP> hd's with over 1024 cylinders and so it refused to boot.

   It is a design fault in the bios. Any system which is not
   contained in the 1024 cylinder limit will not be loaded at boot
   time. period.
   Several possibilities: if your bios supports some kind of
   cheating (also known as remapping :-) to make the bios believe it
   has less than 1024 cylinder, turn it on. it's either LBA or CHS.
   alternately (but this is a quick fix): copy your kernel image on
   your c:\ disk (/dev/hda1 ?), for example in a \linux directory.
   get a copy of loadlin (should be on your distribution disk) and
   create a batch that says something like
   loadlin <yourkernelimagename> boot=/dev/hda6
                                      (or wherever your linux disk is)
   That's it. You can now launch linux via dos.


  3. SOFTWARE TIPS & TRICKS FOR GENERAL USE

   3.1   What is

   As a general rule, the Help command under unix is "man". When stuck,
   typing "man xxx" where xxx is what you are trying to figure out,
   should bring you a step closer to heaven. Many programs also come
   with built-in help, albeit rudimentary, which can be summoned by
   progname --help or progname --h. If that fails, try the usual
   cocktail of /h /? -h -? --?, etc. Another help system is "whatis", ie
   "whatis ls" or "apropos" ie "apropos ls" or "info".

   3.2   How do I mount a floppy/drive/zip ?

   one of the most difficult things to grasp for unix beginners is the
   disappearance of "Drives as we know Them" (Tm). Each peripheral must
   be hooked onto the system (mounted), and unhooked when gone (ex:
   floppy). The command is called "mount". Used by itself, the command
   will list the available "drives", give the name of the physical
   device, the mount point, and the file system type.
   To read a floppy, you have to mount it first:
   mount /dev/fd0 /mnt/floppy
   this calls for several comments:
        /dev/fd0 is the generic name of the A: device. Depending on your
        distribution, you may or may not have this device. As a general
        rule, have a look at the /dev directory. Anything starting with
        hd is a hard drive (usually; exception: IDE cdrom), anything
        starting with fd is a floppy drive. fd0 is A:, fd1 is B:, etc.
        The floppy may be qualified: fd0H1440 or fd0h1440 is the usual
        1.4 mb floppy. This is also valid for hard drives except that
        the system is letter-based, and that the logical numerical order is
        not followed when you have an extended (in dos partition terminology)
        partition. A first disk with a 300megs fat/dos partition and an
        extended logical partition for Linux may look like /dev/hda1
        (c:) /dev/hda6 (d:)

        /mnt/floppy is the name of a directory that must exist. You can
        mount any device anywhere, but if something is already mounted, it
        won't be visible anymore, ie if you have /dev/hda1 mounted on
        /mnt/hd and you then mount /dev/hda2 on /mnt/hd, you'll no longer
        be able to access /dev/hda1

   3.3   How can I modify / customize my system

        Unfortunately, each distribution assumes a different
        organization. As a general rule, here is how it works:
        (original description: Ed Suda)
        (+Francois Thunus + Sune Stjerneby)

        /bin/          "Required" binaries
        /boot/         Various files used during booting including
                       the kernel
        /dev/          Device "files" (used for I/O)
        /etc/          Assorted configuration files
        /etc/rc.d/     more assorted configuration files related to
                       system initialization.
        /home/         Users' home directories go in here
        /lib/          System libraries
        /proc/         Contains "files" with information on running
                       processes
        /root/         Root's home directory
        /sbin/         System binaries to be run only by root
                       But most (if not all) can be useful to users as
                       well (e.g.  'mount' to see mounted drives,
                       /sbin/ping etc.)
        /tmp/          For temporary files (often deleted during booting)
        /usr/          binaries and other files used in multiuser mode.
        /usr/lib/kbd/  keyboard configuration file+system fonts plus keymaps.
        /var/          Variable data.  The idea was/is:  only '/var'
                       needs to be mounted read-write.  What about
                       '/home' I hear someone scream?  Well, /var/users
                       was/is also a location used for user homes.

   A good way to start is to look at /etc/inittab which will give you
   the boot sequence, and from there follow the track. Other interesting
   places include /etc/profile and /etc/rc.d/
   On RH5.1 use linuxconfig, on SuSE use YaST.


   3.4   How can I change my printer's settings

   WW> I would like to change my printer port (parallel port) from IRQ 7 to
   WW> lets say 5. I can do this in BIOS, and I can print just fine in Win95,
   WW> but, how do I tell Linux that my printer is now on IRQ 5?
   (Rajesh Dhawan)
   Pass the following as an option to the kernel through LILO/LOADLIN
   command line:

   lp=port,irq

   e.g. If you use LILO add this at the top of /etc/lilo.conf
   append="lp=0x378,5"
   where 0x378 should be replaced with your printer port address and
   5 with the intended irq.
   RTM if you use LOADLIN.
   Also check which of /dev/lp0, /dev/lp1, /dev/lp2 work for you.
   Then make a softlink /dev/lp to that one adn you should be through.

   (Pablo Saratxaga)
   You must compile all parallel or related drivers as module, in
   /etc/conf.modules put the lines :
   options lp      io=0x.... irq=...
   options plip    io=0x... irq=...
   Note however that module ppa (Zip // driver) doesn't has a parameter to
   tell it the irq. If that is annoying to you ask the ppa.o author
   (Grant R. Guenther, grant@torque.net) to add that feature.

   3.5    How do I know... ?
          (L. Lucier)
   3.5.1  What system I have ?
          uname -a   for version
   3.5.2  What libraries are installed on my system ?
          ldconfig -v
   3.5.3  What's in my environment ?
          env | grep DISPLAY
          env | more  for page mode
   3.5.4  What's wrong with my pc ?
          cat /proc/cpuinfo and you'll know which bugs your PC has.
   3.5.5  What modules are loaded ?
          lsmod    #lists loaded modules
   3.5.6  How much free space I have ?
          df        #disk space free
          free      #memory and swap space used/free
   3.5.7  Where a file is ?
          find / -name <filename>
          whereis <filename>
          locate <filename>
   3.5.8  What processes are running ?
          (F. Thunus)
          ps -fax
          (L Lucier)
          top   #to exit top: type q  #for top help type h
          cat /proc/meminfo

   3.6   How do I change the typematic settings

   kbdrate -r {2-30} -d {250|500|750|1000}

   3.7   Can I upgrade my configuration and how ?

   If you intend to change configuration, there are at least 2 ways: if
   your system allows upgrade (like RedHat), then by all means use it.
   Otherwise, it is often easier to save the relevant config file and do
   a reinstall. This is particularly true if you switch configuration,
   because the defaults used by Debian are not the same as the ones of
   Slackware, which are different from Caldera and RedHat... Generally
   speaking, you may want to back up the /etc directory.

  (Albert Janssen)
  if using Red Hat:
  I suggest go play with RPM, (did you look at RPM-sections of the
  RH-Usersguide ? )
  I'll make a short summary (upgraded :-) :
  rpm -ivh foo-1.0.i386.rpm   (installing package)
  rpm -Uvh foo-1.1.i386.rpm   (upgrading ..)
  rpm -ev                     (removing ..)
  rpm -q foo (prints packagename, version, release number)
  rpm -qa (show all packages installed)

  rpm -qa | grep lesstif (do I have LessTif installed ?)
  FuzzyVibe:~# rpm -qa | grep lesstif
  lesstif-0.80-2
  Yes, oh well, what is it ? ;-)
  rpm -qi lesstif
  What files does the package contain ?
  rpm -qs lesstif
  Oh, where's the LessTif-FAQ, if any ?
  rpm -qs lesstif | grep -i "faq"

   3.8   How do I copy a file from the floppy

   > I'm a newbie to Linux. How do I transfer a file called xrmp-2.1-
   > 2.i386   from my A: floppy drive to my a home
   cp /floppy/xrmp-2.1-2.i386 $HOME
   That is assuming that /floppy exists.  If not, make it:
   mkdir /floppy
   Do all this as root.  It can be made easier if you put entries into
   /etc/fstab. It is required that you unmount any removable media
   BEFORE doing the removing: umount /floppy

   3.9   Quick DOS/Linux map
   (Pasi Jaernstedt)

   DOS COMMAND:                    LINUX COMMAND:
   -------------------             ------------------------
   ASSIGN                          mount and ln
   ATTRIB                          chmod and chown
   BACKUP                          tar and cpio
   CALL                            sh <script> or only the scripts name if it has
                                   "running license" (ie "x" attrib with chmod)
   CD                              cd
   CHCP                            mapscrn
   CHKDSK                          fsck
   CLS                             clear
   COMP                            diff, cmp
   COPY                            cp
   DATE                            date
   DEL                             rm
   DELTREE                         rm -R <directory> Be careful with this one!
   DIR                             ls, find
   DISKCOMP                        dd and diff or cmp
   DISKCOPY                        diskcopy
   DO                              do
   ECHO                            echo
   EDIT                            vi (emacs, pico, jed, mcedit, etc.)
   ERASE                           rm
   EXIT                            exit, logout
   FC                              diff, cmp
   FIND                            grep
   FOR                             for
   FORMAT                          fdformat and mkfs
   GOSUB                           separately defined function call
   GOTO                            ---
   HELP                            man and info
   IF                              if and test
   KEYB                            loadkeys
   LOADHIGH                        you won't need this one in Linux
   MD                              mkdir
   MEM                             free, top, procinfo
   MKDIR                           mkdir
   MORE                            more and less (less is better)
   MOVE                            mv
   PATH                            PATH= + export
   PAUSE                           doesn't exist (dialog would much more)
   PRINT                           lpr
   PROMPT                          PS1=
   QUIT                            exit
   RD                              rmdir Be careful with this one!
   REM                             #
   REN                             mv
   RESTORE                         tar, cpio
   RMDIR                           rmdir Be careful with this one!
   SET                             set,<variable>=, export<variable>
   SORT                            sort
   SUBST                           mount ja ln
   SYS                             lilo, cp<kernel> <device/file>
   TIME                            date
   TREE                            ls -R, du
   TYPE                            cat
   UNDELETE                        ---
   VER                             uname
   VERIFY                          ---
   XCOPY                           cp

    3.10  How do I get ls in colors ?

    (John Burton)
    Enter the following in your /etc/profile
    eval `dircolors -b`
    (Francois Thunus)
    if your shell allows it, and your "ls" supports it, use
    alias ls 'ls --color=auto' or
    alias ls="ls --color=auto"
    (L. Lucier)
    Edit /etc/DIR_COLORS, then export `dircolors -b /etc/DIR_COLORS`
    Do a 'dircolors -p' >/etc/DIR_COLORS


    3.11 Is there a Norton Commander Clone ?
    (F. Thunus)
    MC (midnight commander): Probably the most complete.
    you'll find it anywhere, and for any platform (dos, OS/2, Linux, etc).
    GIT: had the big advantage of being smaller and hence to fit on a
    rescue floppy (4.3.7: 181k, 4.3.17: 310k !).
    YTREE: more a xtree-gold clone, only 181k. very nice too, and smaller than
    recent version of GIT.

    3.12 How do I get out ? !
    (L. Lucier)
    CTRL + Z
    Q for man pages
    <esc>q! for vi
    F10 for programs like MC etc
    To exit from X windows, use the CTRL - ALT - Backspace combination.
    Make sure you have any running programs closed so that they don't
    get killed when you log out of the X server. Normally you close via
    the file manager option.
    Ctrl-C will send an abort signal to a running process.
    (F. Thunus)
    Ctrl-x Ctrl-c for emacs

    3.13  How do I format a floppy ?
    (L. Lucier)
    mke2fs /dev/fd0 1440 (or whatever file system you chose)
    (F. Thunus)
    using SuperFormat on /dev/fd0H1720 with a minix file system
    makes great emergency floppies :-)

    3.14  How do I set the date/time ?
    (L. Lucier)
    type this: date 09=month 04=date 0430=time <=== this is an example!
    (F. Thunus) to use bios time with RedHat, set UTC=false in
    /etc/sysconfig/clock

    3.15  How do I shutdown properly ?
    (L. Lucier)
    shutdown -r now
    su -c 'init 0'  (For use when in user account rather than root.
                     It then prompts you for the root password.)
    (F. Thunus)
    shutdown -hf now   #as root
    reboot             #ditto

    3.16  What do I do with a .tar.gz or .tgz (tz) archive ?
    before the days of .rpm and other .deb, software was stored on
    tape. TAR makes Tape ARchives, although today they can be stored
    anywhere. Gnu ZIP (Gzip) has taken over from compress, the original
    compression scheme. A .tgz archive is thus nothing more than a .tar
    file which has been zipped.
    first unzip: gzip -d my.archive.tar.gz (or gunzip < myfile.tgz)
    then untar : tar -xvf my.archive.tar
    if you machine supports it: tar -xzvf < my.archive.tar.gz will
    combine both operation, as will gunzip < my.archive.tar.gz | tar xvf -

    3.17  The output of the program flashes by... ?
    Most of the time you can redirect the output of a program to a file
    to peruse at leisure later:
    myprog > myfile
    you can suppress the output by sending the result to the great bit
    bucket:  myprog > /dev/null
    Unix knows at least 2 channels for output: standard (1) and error
    (2). Some terminals force you to explicitly redirect standard output
    to a file: myprog 1&> file.
    to get both standard and error messages sent to a file:
    myprog > myfile 2>&1 (| less) [bash]
    myprog >& myfile              [csh]

    3.18  Known software problems and solutions

     3.18.1 Red Hat 5.0 (X) configuration problems
    (Francois Thunus)
    1) mouse on com2 (/dev/cua1) correctly detected during install
    but noted down in config as com1 (/dev/cua0)
    2) logitech mouse needs to be defined as "Microsoft" in XF86Config.

    3.18.2 Red Hat 5.0 CD problem
    >>> the same machine on which I have been testing packages
    >>>  from a cdrom now _refuses_ to mount the CDrom
    >>> and says "type iso9660 not supported by kernel" !
    (G. O'Donnel)
    Yeah, had the same problem myself an hour after putting on
    RedHat 5.1 Figured out that it was a bug in the rc.sysinit file,
    fixed it, then found out that there was a new RPM file off the
    errata (www.redhat.com/errata/) page that fixed it.

    As a general rule, avoid RH 5.0. They switched C libraries from
    4.2 to 5.0 and many applications are broken by the change.
    5.1 is way better in that respect.

    3.19 Font problem
    (Erik Cumps)
    Have you tried using another console font? Like:
    setfont /usr/lib/kbd/consolefonts/cp850-8x16
    
    3.20 Applying patches
    (Per Lundberg)
    mr> How do I apply the patches to the Linux kernel?
    cd /usr/src/linux ; zcat patch-2.0.34.gz | patch -p1

    3.21 Numlock
    (Thunus F.) add to your rc.local:
    for tty in /dev/tty[1-9]*;
    do
      setleds -D +num <$tty>/dev/null
    done

    3.22 VI survival guide
    (Thorbjoern Ravn Andersen)
    Regardless of which editor you normally use, you should know
    enough about the "vi" editor to be able to do minimal editing of
    a file. Consider it equivalent to first aid knowledge.  Note: In
    the following, the case of the characters is significant!

    In vi you are normally in one of three modes:

    You can move the cursor around with:
    "h" (left), "j" (down), "k" (up), and "l" (right) (no quotes).
    You normally return to movement mode with the "Esc" key.
    When in doubt, press Esc until you get a beep.

    Additionally, you can delete the character under the cursor with
    "x", and delete a whole line with "dd".  You can go to a
    given line with "I<linenumber>G" (no number means end of
    file).

    By typing "i" at a given place in the text, you enter edit
    mode. All characters entered from here are inserted in the text.
    Return to movement mode with Esc.

    By typing ":" (colon) the cursor is temporarily moved to the
    bottom line, where you can enter an ed-command at the colon
    prompt, which is executed when Return is pressed.  You are
    returned to movement mode.

    Possible sequences are ":wq" (write and quit), ":q!" (quit
    without saving, PLEASE).

    The few commands (which is just a very small selection of the
    full set) allow you to do a minor edit of a file.   There are
    many more commands, and even though the above looks very
    illogical, the full set is not so.  The vi clone "vim" has an
    excellent vi tutorial included in the online ":help".

    Note:  ed is the original Unix editor, which vi is built upon.
    It is most often encountered in the colon mode of vi, as well as
    "sed" (stream editor) which is suited for doing text editing in a
    command pipe.


  4. RESOURCES

   4.0   Read the manual

    A little known fact is that any Linux distribution usually includes
    many ready-to-print manuals: the "Linux User guide", the "System
    Administrator guide" (also referred to as "sag" in some
    distributions), the "Network Administrator guide" (referred to as
    "nag"), etc. Those are on the distribution CD either as .ps
    (postscript) file, or .dvi, or TeX. If you can't use those format,
    you can get the latest version of all those guides in .pdf (Adobe
    acrobat) platform independent format on the Linux Documentation Project
    site:  http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/.

   4.1 Fidonet echoes /usenet newsgroups

   4.1.1 Fidonet:

      LINUX
      LINUX_BBS
      LINUX_TECH (Argentina)
      R34.LINUX  (Spain)
      R20_LINUX  (Sweden)


   4.1.2 Usenet :

     As of rev 0.41 of this FAQ, the list of newsgroups is no longer
     included. The 0.41 will be kept available on the
     ftp.telematique.org site if really you think you need it. The
     simplest way is to check at your ISP what linux group are
     available. There were about 300 at my ISP last time I checked, so
     chances are that yours also carries at least a dozen :-)


   4.2 Internet: web / ftp

     Debian        : http://www.debian.org
     Dos Linux     : ftp://wauug.erols.com/pub/people/kent-robotti/doslinux/
     Kheops        : http://www.linux-kheops.com   [French Linux]
     LinuxBerg     : http://www.linuxberg.com
     Linux Documentation Project   http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/
     L.Central     : http://www.linuxcentral.com   [Cheap CDs]
     L. HQ         : http://www.linuxhq.com
     L. Internat'l : http://www.li.org/
     L. Journal    : http://www.linuxjournal.com/
     L. Org.       : http://www.linux.org/
     L. Resources  : http://www.linuxresources.com/
     Mandrake      : http://www.mandrake-soft.com/
     Minix         : http://www.cs.vu.nl/~ast/minix.html
     OpenLinux     : http://www.caldera.com
     O'Reilly      : http://www.ora.com/           [Unix/Linux Books]
     RedHat        : http://www.redhat.com
     RPM repository: http://rufus.w3.org/linux/RPM/
     Slackware     : http://www.cdrom.com
     SUSE          : http://www.suse.de
     SUSE          : http://www.suse.com
     Tom's rootboot: http://www.toms.net/rb

     My own page of Linux links (telematique.org/ft/linux.htm) 
     is pretty complete :-)

   4.3 Books

   4.3.0 The Linux Documentation Project
   http://sunsite.unc.edu/LDP/ offers gazillions of books, tutorials,
   FAQ, etc in html, sgml, ascii, pdf, and whatchimacallit format too.
   Go there, get it, read it. Printing is optional.

   4.3.1 General Unix books
   4.3.1.1
    A Student's Guide to Unix
    by: Harley Hahn
    Publisher: McGraw Hill
    Edition: 1993
    ISBN: 0-07-025511-3
   4.3.1.2          
    Life with Unix - A Guide for Everyone
    by: Don Libes and Sandy Ressler
    Publisher: Prentice Hall
    Edition: 1990
    ISBN: 0-13-536657-7
   4.3.1.3
    Unix for the Impatient
    by: Paul Abrahams and Bruce Larson
    Publisher: Addison Wesley
    Edition: 1992
    ISBN: 0-201-55703-7
   4.3.1.4
    Unix Power Tools
    by: Jerry Peek, Tim O'Reilly and Mike Loukides (and other)
    Publisher: O'Reilly / Bantam                            
    Edition: 1993
    ISBN: 0-553-35402-7
   4.3.1.5
    Unix in a Nutshell
    by: Daniel Gilly and O'Reilly staff
    Publisher: O'Reilly
    Edition: 2nd ed. 1992 (for System V and Solaris 2)
    ISBN: 1-56592-001-5
   
   4.3.2 Specific Linux books
   4.3.2.1
     Linux In A Nutshell: A Desktop Quick Reference
     by: Jessica Perry Hekman
     publisher: O'Reilly & Associates
     ISBN: 1-56592-167-4
   4.3.2.2
     'Sams' Teach Yourself Linux in 24 Hours
     (RedHat 5.0 - 2.0.32 included on CD +-$40)
     ISBN 0-672-31162-3
   4.3.2.3
     Linux
     (With CD +-$90)
     ISBN 0-201-17809-5
   4.3.2.4
     Linux for Dummies
     (RedHat 2.0.30 included on CD +-$50)
     ISBN 0-7645-0275-1
   4.3.2.5
     Running Linux
     by: Matt Welsh og Lar Kaufman
     Publisher: O'Reilly & Associates
     ISBN: 1-56592-151-8
   4.3.2.6
     Doctor Linux
     by: (The Linux Documentation Project/John Purcell)
     Publisher: Linux Systems Labs/Red Hat Software Inc.
     (5th Edition, 2032 pages)
     ISBN: 1-888172-84-3
   4.3.2.7
     A practical guide to Linux
     by: Mark Sobell
     Publisher: Addison Wesley Longman
     ($38, www.awl.com) Reviewed in LJ,#49 (may 98)
     ISBN: 0-201-89549-8


  5. CONNECTING
  
   5.1 Fidonet

   5.1.1 A fidonet system

   (Pablo Saratxaga)
     > for fidonet look for ifmail

   http://www.average.org/ifmail/ (official Eugene Crosser's version)
   http://www.z2.fidonet.org/ifmail-tx/ (the "tx" version).
   tx version offers better gating support (charset), various patches
   this version is better for 8 bit fidonet and mandatory for fido.ger.*
   (gatebau method), as well as telnet/vmodem support.

     ifmail is the name of the whole package (and the email --> netmail
     conversion program), the mailer is ifcico.

     ifmail contains:

     ifmail    email-->netmail
     ifnews    news-->echomail     (in fact it is a hard link to ifmail)
     ifpack    compresses pkt
     ifunpack  uncompress incoming paquets and feeds pkt to iftoss
     iftoss    convert pkt to email and/or news and feeds to sendmail/rnews
     ifindex   compiles the nodelist for ifcico to use
     ifcico    the mailer
     nlpatch   applies a nodediff to the nodelist
     ifstat    display stats about outbound

     there is also a lot of configuration examples as well as
     contribution tools (an areafix, a *.TIC manager, tools to manage
     databases ifmail uses, a region/net extractor from nodelist)
     making it a full package to run a fido node or point under linux
     (you need also sendmail and INN (or cnews or smail) and a fido
     able getty if you are a node)

   (Paul Walker)
    FidoGate (AIUI) converts between PKT format and news spool,
   or something along those lines, so you can read/reply to
   fido using a news reader
   FEddy is a point reader/system that seems fairly popular
   Binkley is available
   GoldED (message editor) is also available for Linux
   You can find links to most of those (and other programs)
   from the FOTI website, http://www.craybbs.co.uk/foti

   5.1.2 a good fidonet editor
   Peter Marbaise, 2:2452/110.20 is the current Feddy-Maintainer
   ftp://ftp.fido.de/pub/Feddy/FEddy-1.4.02.tar.gz  rpm also.
   ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/Fido/FEddy-1.4.02.tar.gz

   5.1.3 a simple point setup
   LXPoint-1.4.02.tar.gz [Peter Marbaise, 2:2452/110.20 ]
   FiDO-Scanner/Tosser/Editor (for node- and pointsystems)
   780kB LXPoint-@version.tar.gz, rpm also available.
   ftp.fido.de/pub/FEddy or sunsite or http://www.fido.de/~pema/
   
   5.1.4 FrontDoor / Golded
   FrontDoor runs without problems in a dos box. There is a separate
   FrontDoor-with-Linux-FAQ available from ftp.telematique.org (frodo.lnx).
   There is a native Linux version of Golded.

   5.1.5 Offline readers (QWK and other)
   (Dane Beko)
   There are a few, check Jim Hanoian's WWW site for links and
   information:
   http://www.alpha-one.org/readers.htm
   There's ATP, MultiMail and SkyReader to name a few..

   5.2 Internet

   5.2.1 How do I get ppp to connect to my ISP automatically?
   (John Burton)
   Obtain and install diald.  The home of diald is
   http://www.dna.lth.se/~erics/diald.html

   5.2.2 What do I need for PPP ?
   (L. Lucier)
    For PPP 2.2 the files are:-
  ____________________________________________________________________
  /usr/sbin/pppd                  # the PPP binary
  /etc/ppp/scripts/ppp-on         # the dialer/connection script
  /etc/ppp/scripts/ppp-on-dialer  # part 1 of the dialer script
  /etc/ppp/scripts/ppp-off        # the actual chat script itself
  /etc/ppp/options                # the options pppd uses for all connections
  /etc/ppp/options.ttyXX          # the options specific to a connection on this port

 If you use ppp-on, did you configure it to use your internet provider?
 To see what happens when you use it, do: tail -f /var/adm/messages.

 pppd -d -detach /dev/cuaX &

 pppd CONNECT inetlogin.sh crtscts defaultroute noipdefault passive /dev/modem 38400


   5.3 BBSes

   5.3.0 Check out the LinuxBBS.faq for a more complete How-to
   create your own bbs. It's available from ftp.telematique.org
   or 2:270/25. There is also a fidonet LINUX_BBS echo.

   5.3.1 DayDream/Linux
   ported from AmigaOS. :) Totally free with sources
   Telnet/FTP/FidoNet-support. New developper (06/99).
   http://waura.pspt.fi/daydream/ or
   http://www.cs.uku.fi/~hlyytine/

   5.3.2 BBBS
   telnet
   http://www.bbbs.net

   5.3.3 Tick/Raid/Allfix
   >Needed:  FTN mail tosser/tick/raid
   (Jim Balcom)
   Here's what works for me:
   I got IFMAIL and set up ifcico to handle the phone lines and
   to move files in and out. I use Fidogate for tossing mail.
   Fidogate also has software for handling TICK and it seems to do
   it quite well.

   5.3.4 Sauron BBS
   (Jonathan Roberts)
   a telnetable BBS:  Sauron BBS has recently been ported to
   Linux (formerly DOS only). the author's web site is at
   http://members.tripod.com/~HortonS/

   5.3.5 FreeWorld BBS
   (J Kinsley)
   It's goal is to be the Ultimate Unix BBS, and completely free.
   http://www.FreeWorldBBS.ORG.
   
   5.3.6 Falken
   (Eric Kilfoil)
    Website: http://www.falkenbbs.com
    Alt: http://bbs.ipass.net/falken-mirror
    FTP: ftp://ftp.falkenbbs.com/pub/FalkenBBS/linux/FalkenBBS-current.tgz
    Support: telnet://falkenbbs.com

   5.3.7 Synchronet
   (Jonathan Roberts)
   http://www.weedpuller.com/synchronet or ftp to that address.

   5.3.8 MBSE
   (Michiel Broek 2:2801/16.1)
   Complete BBS/mailer/tosser. URL: telematique.org/mbse

   5.3.9 Alexia
   Alexia: simple shell under GNU GPL Licence.
   require a MTA, inn, ifmail/fidogate, mgetty, etc
   Andrea Baldoni <baldoni@xcalnet.it>
   Freq: alexia-1.0.tar.gz @ 2:332/512
   http://keycomm.pluto.linux.it/~gaio/LinuxBBS/tools/alexia-1.0.tar.gz

   5.3.10 FreeBBS
   http://bbs.free.fr : set of perl scripts and stock linux system.
   Mostly in french so far.

   5.3.11 Citadel/UX BBS
   http://uncnsrd.mt-kisco.ny.us/citadel

   5.4 Serial and Network

   5.4.1 How to set the serial port ?
   (L. Lucier)
   /bin/setserial -b /dev/ttyS2 IRQ 11   #sets IRQs and ports
   /bin/setserial -b /dev/ttyS3 IRQ 15
   setserial -a /dev/ttySx            #displays type of UART installed

   5.4.2 Network configuration
   (W. McKemie + F. Thunus)
   >I have two computers running Linux connected with ethernet cards
   >and cable. How do I get TCP/IP networking started?
   Assuming that your ethernet hardware is installed and configured
   correctly, it's quite simple
   a) make sure the drivers for the card are installed. Use either
   insmod (possibly insmod /lib/modules/your.kernel.number/8390.o,
   and most likely insmod /lib/modules/preferred/net/ne.o io=0x300
   (irq=11) if you have a NE2000 compatible on 0x300 IRQ11),or put
   them in the /etc/modules.config
   b) chose an IP address for each computer. Use 192.168.x.x, that's
   reserved for internal networks, fx 192.168.1.1 and 192.168.1.2.
   you can store those permanently in /etc/hosts under the form
   #IP adress   full name                  nickname
   192.168.1.1  maincomputer.my.home.net   main
   192.168.1.2  portable.my.home.net       portable
   c) ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 up   #substitute .2 for second computer
   d) route add -net 192.168.1.0 eth0  #on both

   That's it.
   Test: ping the IP of the other computer:
   ping 192.168.1.2 (or ping portable) from computer #1.
   Success is one new line on your display every few seconds.
   Terminate ping with a <ctrl>c.

   Next you can try a remote logon:
   telnet 192.168.1.2 (or telnet portable) from computer #1.
   the message displayed when you log on the other computer is
   /etc/issue.net.

   You can store all this in /etc/rc.d/rc.local once and for all:
   insmod /lib/modules/[kernel.rev]/net/8390.o
   insmod /lib/modules/[kernel.rev]/net/ne.o io=0x300
   ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.<node#> up
   route add -net 192.168.1.0 eth0

   Per LundBerg adds:
   This is not applicable when running kernel 2.2. The new kernel
   adds routes for the network when setting an IP for an
   interface.

   5.4.3 X windows
   >How do I run remote apps under X ?
   (Thunus F.)
   on machine1
    type startx
    run "xhost machine2" in a terminal
   telnet to machine2
    type export Hostdisplay="machine1:0"
    launch the app you wish to run
    exit

   5.4.4 NFS network configuration (Thunus F.)
   a) make sure your kernel supports nfs:
     insmod /lib/modules/[kernel.rev]/fs/nfs
   b) start daemons: rpc.mapportd, rpc.mountd and rpc.nfsd
   c) any directory which will be exported to the network must be referenced
      in /etc/export, with the name of the machine(s) it may be exported to, 
      or the adresses if your /etc/hosts isn't configured properly.
   d) mount normally ie
      mount remote:/whatever/is/exported -t nfs /local/directory

   5.4.5 Fax configuration (Warren Hrach)
   This is how I got efax and efix to work
   A: Send:
   1) Make a text test file
   2) Run efix 'efix -ntest.%03d <test'.
   3) Now you should have in your current dir 'test.001'.
   4) To send it make sure to have your faxmodem set to include all the
      fax stuff.
   5) In the /dev dir make a symbolic link for fax to /dev/ttySx.
   6) To send it 'efax -t(tel. number of fax machine) test.001'
   B: Receive:
   1) Run 'efax -aS0=1' to set the faxmodem to auto answer on first ring.
   2) When an fax call comes in it should answer and save it in the current
      dir as '(big number or something).001'.
   3) You can use xv to view the fax you received and use the print option
      to print it out on your printer.
   Note:
   In the efax package there is a script called fax that is an
   interface to efax/efix. It makes operations easier, conversion
   of files before sending too.
   Anyway, files must be converted to a TIFF with Group 3 encoding format.
   The syntax for efix is:
   efix -i text -o tiffg3 namefile (if you convert a text file, otherwise
   use ps instead of text for postscript files)

  6. EMULATORS
  
   6.1 Limitations & bugs
   An emulator will never completely replace the real thing. As long as
   you bear that in mind, you'll be able to live with them.

   6.2 DOSEMU
   Actually very good. Allows you to tap into the large amount of Dos
   software. Many people use it to run a legacy BBS.

   6.3 WINE - WABI
   Wine is a Free Win16/32 emulation. It is far from being complete,
   but a) it works, b) it's free and c) it's constantly being improved.
   See www.winehq.org for current state. works pretty well for anything 
   but m$ software :-)

   WABI is a commercial win311 emulation originally developed by SUN
   for Unix. It has been ported to Linux by Caldera (Wabi 2.2).
   Wabi is today all but dead, since Sun has announced it had
   stopped development. Wabi copies are today pretty cheap (less than
   $50/EURO45).

   6.4 AMIGA
   (Daniel Parreira)
   The Amiga emulator is called UAE.
   ftp.fok.hu/pub/UAE
   You need the files "kick31.zip" and "wb311.zip" to get things started.

   (Marco van den Bovenkamp)
   > Is it possible to read/write Amiga-formatted diskettes with linux?
   > (Redhat 5.0) How?
   With some caveats, yes. Take a look at
   /usr/src/linux/Documentation/filesystems/affs.txt.

   (Sune Stjerneby)
   kick and workbench: those files are copyrighted and has been the
   subject of lawsuits before ;).
   special note: -no- AT/ATX IBM PC floppy controllers are capable of
   read/writing to AmigaOS floppies, due to mechanics/controller
   differences, it requires special/hack-ish hardware. It is, however,
   possible to use hd drives formatted in Amiga FastFileSystem with
   Linux.

   6.5 MacIntosh
   Executor is _the_ MacIntosh emulator. It has several flavor (Unix, 
   Dos, OS/2,...) and does a pretty good job. A trial version is 
   available for download from the web site.

  7. PROGRAMMING

   7.1 Overview of development possibilities
   7.1.1 Threads
     > Can Linux run threads? (if so are they kernel threads or user threads?)

    Yes. It isn't yet in the distribution kernel (because it isn't 100%
    POSIX yet, only 99% :) ); look at
    http://www.mit.edu:8001/people/proven/pthreads.html
    http://www.aa.net/~mtp/PCthreads.html
    ftp://ftp.cs.fsu.edu/pub/PART/PTHREADS


   7.1.2 Compatibility
    > Can I program to the POSIX standard and have the program run
    > on Linux?
    Yes. At least as well that the majority of the other OS claiming
    POSIX compliance.
   (Frederik Retsema)
   http://linas.org/linux/threads-faq.html. Within this page are several
   links to code and documentation of implementations of pthreads.
   see also www.linux.org/help/faq.html.

   7.2 Books / resources
   7.2.1 Shell scripting:
   7.2.1.1
     > any good pointers to learning BASH-shell-scripting ?
     samples: ftp.uu.net/published/oreilly/nutshell/bash/bash.tar.Z
   (Mike Mcclain)
     or /etc/rc.d/* :-)
   7.2.1.2
    Unix Shell Programming
    by: Stephen Kochan and Patrick Wood
    Publisher: Hayden
    Edition: 1990
    ISBN: 0-672-48448-X
   7.2.2 Unix Programming
   7.2.2.1
    Advanced Programming in The Unix Environment
    by: Richard Stevens
    Publisher: Addison-Wesley
    Edition: 1992
    ISBN: 0-201-56317-7

-------------- END OF LINUXFAQ ---------------

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